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Sleep plays a vital role in defining the daily activities of virtually all animals. During periods of sleep, the parasympathetic nervous system becomes active and induces a relaxed state in response to increased levels of the hormone melatonin. Yet, despite its ubiquity in the animal kingdom, the purpose of sleep and its role in our daily lives has been disputed by scientists. Two scientists discuss their theories about the purpose of sleep.
Scientist 1
During periods of sleep, animals are able to conserve energy that they would otherwise be spending on unnecessary activity. If an animal’s primary food source is most abundant during daylight, it is a waste of precious energy to be moving about at night. For example, many herbivores, such as squirrels, are diurnal (sleep during the night) because their food source is available during the day, while many insectivores, such as bats, are nocturnal (sleep during the day) because their food source is available during the night. Food sources, as an animal’s most valuable resource, dictate their sleep cycles. Many animal traits observable today evolved as a result of the supply and demand of food in their natural habitat.
Scientist 2
During waking hours, it is true that the body utilizes large amounts of energy. However, the role of sleep is to restore biological products that were utilized during periods of wakefulness, rather than simply avoid utilizing energy in the first place. Many types of biological molecules, such as hormones, are released throughout the body while an animal is active. Sleep serves as a period of inactivity during which the body can manufacture and store a supply of these molecules for future use during the next period of activity. Furthermore, sleep allows the body to repair cellular damages that has accumulated during waking hours. Experimental evidence shows that when animals are deprived of sleep, their immune system quickly weakens and death rates increase. Sleep is necessary for animals to prevent accumulation of damage and to regenerate crucial biomolecules for daily life.
Which of the following best describes how the scientists view the role of sleep?
Scientist 1's theory entirely revolves around energy conservation: "During periods of sleep, animals are able to conserve energy." This should immediately eliminate any answer choices in which Scientist 1 focuses on something else.
Scientist 2's theory talks about two topics: restoring biomolecules and repairing damage. "Sleep is necessary for animals to prevent accumulation of damage and to regenerate crucial biomolecules for daily life." The essence of these two components can be combined in the concept of restoring the body.
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Sleep plays a vital role in defining the daily activities of virtually all animals. During periods of sleep, the parasympathetic nervous system becomes active and induces a relaxed state in response to increased levels of the hormone melatonin. Yet, despite its ubiquity in the animal kingdom, the purpose of sleep and its role in our daily lives has been disputed by scientists. Two scientists discuss their theories about the purpose of sleep.
Scientist 1
During periods of sleep, animals are able to conserve energy that they would otherwise be spending on unnecessary activity. If an animal’s primary food source is most abundant during daylight, it is a waste of precious energy to be moving about at night. For example, many herbivores, such as squirrels, are diurnal (sleep during the night) because their food source is available during the day, while many insectivores, such as bats, are nocturnal (sleep during the day) because their food source is available during the night. Food sources, as an animal’s most valuable resource, dictate their sleep cycles. Many animal traits observable today evolved as a result of the supply and demand of food in their natural habitat.
Scientist 2
During waking hours, it is true that the body utilizes large amounts of energy. However, the role of sleep is to restore biological products that were utilized during periods of wakefulness, rather than simply avoid utilizing energy in the first place. Many types of biological molecules, such as hormones, are released throughout the body while an animal is active. Sleep serves as a period of inactivity during which the body can manufacture and store a supply of these molecules for future use during the next period of activity. Furthermore, sleep allows the body to repair cellular damages that has accumulated during waking hours. Experimental evidence shows that when animals are deprived of sleep, their immune system quickly weakens and death rates increase. Sleep is necessary for animals to prevent accumulation of damage and to regenerate crucial biomolecules for daily life.
The scientists agree on which of the following principles:
Each of these answer choices is contained somewhere within the passage; however, most represent the viewpoint of only one scientist. Both scientists agree that animals use large amounts of energy while awake. Scientist 1 bases their theory around this concept, claiming that animals use energy while awake to search for food. Scientist 2 responds by stating "During waking hours, it is true that the body utilizes large amounts of energy. However . . ."
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Sleep plays a vital role in defining the daily activities of virtually all animals. During periods of sleep, the parasympathetic nervous system becomes active and induces a relaxed state in response to increased levels of the hormone melatonin. Despite its ubiquity in the animal kingdom, the purpose of sleep and its role in our daily lives has been disputed by scientists. Two scientists discuss their theories about the purpose of sleep.
Scientist 1
During periods of sleep, animals are able to conserve energy that they would otherwise be spending on unnecessary activity. If an animal’s primary food source is most abundant during daylight, it is a waste of precious energy to be moving about at night. For example, many herbivores, such as squirrels, are diurnal (sleep during the night) because their food source is available during the day, while many insectivores, such as bats, are nocturnal (sleep during the day) because their food source is available during the night. Food sources, as an animal’s most valuable resource, dictate their sleep cycles. Many animal traits observable today evolved as a result of the supply and demand of food in their natural habitat.
Scientist 2
During waking hours, it is true that the body utilizes large amounts of energy; however, the role of sleep is to restore biological products that were utilized during periods of wakefulness, rather than simply to avoid utilizing energy in the first place. Many types of biological molecules, such as hormones, are released throughout the body while an animal is active. Sleep serves as a period of inactivity, during which the body can manufacture and store a supply of these molecules for future use during the next period of activity. Furthermore, sleep allows the body to repair cellular damages that has accumulated during waking hours. Experimental evidence shows that when animals are deprived of sleep, their immune system quickly weakens and death rates increase. Sleep is necessary for animals to prevent accumulation of damage and to regenerate crucial biomolecules for daily life.
Scientist 1’s theory would be most weakened if which of the following were true?
The answer is "Sharks continue to move constantly while sleeping" because Scientist 1 argues that one reason we sleep is because moving around at night wastes energy. Thus, we sleep to conserve energy. If sharks expend energy even while sleeping, this would contradict Scientist 1.
When deprived of sleep, chimpanzees would expend more energy at night and require more, not less, food. During spring, when food for bees is abundant, the bees would be able to gain more energy and sleep less, not more.
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Sleep plays a vital role in defining the daily activities of virtually all animals. During periods of sleep, the parasympathetic nervous system becomes active and induces a relaxed state in response to increased levels of the hormone melatonin. Despite its ubiquity in the animal kingdom, the purpose of sleep and its role in our daily lives has been disputed by scientists. Two scientists discuss their theories about the purpose of sleep.
Scientist 1
During periods of sleep, animals are able to conserve energy that they would otherwise be spending on unnecessary activity. If an animal’s primary food source is most abundant during daylight, it is a waste of precious energy to be moving about at night. For example, many herbivores, such as squirrels, are diurnal (sleep during the night) because their food source is available during the day, while many insectivores, such as bats, are nocturnal (sleep during the day) because their food source is available during the night. Food sources, as an animal’s most valuable resource, dictate their sleep cycles. Many animal traits observable today evolved as a result of the supply and demand of food in their natural habitat.
Scientist 2
During waking hours, it is true that the body utilizes large amounts of energy; however, the role of sleep is to restore biological products that were utilized during periods of wakefulness, rather than simply to avoid utilizing energy in the first place. Many types of biological molecules, such as hormones, are released throughout the body while an animal is active. Sleep serves as a period of inactivity, during which the body can manufacture and store a supply of these molecules for future use during the next period of activity. Furthermore, sleep allows the body to repair cellular damages that has accumulated during waking hours. Experimental evidence shows that when animals are deprived of sleep, their immune system quickly weakens and death rates increase. Sleep is necessary for animals to prevent accumulation of damage and to regenerate crucial biomolecules for daily life.
Scientist 2’s theory would be most weakened if which of the following were true?
Scientist 2 claims that animals get sick more easily (have a weakened immune system) when they are deprived of sleep. Thus, if animals frequently get sick after long periods of sleep, it would contradict Scientist 2's claim. "Hibernating hedgehogs often become sick soon after waking" is the correct answer.
Nocturnal mice would have low hormone levels in the morning, according to Scientist 2's theory, and would then replenish those hormones while they sleep during the day. If cows show decreased melatonin at night, it would contradict the facts listed about melatonin at the beginning of the passage, but would not directly conflict with Scientist 2.
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Dominant alleles (D) produce dominant characteristics; recessive alleles (d) produce recessive characteristics. Dominant alleles are expressed whenever present (DD, Dd) but recessive alleles are expressed only when the dominant allele is absent (dd)
A study was done in which the visual traits of two plants and their offspring was tested. In this study, Plant A, a Tall Purple plant, was mated with Plant B, a Tall Pink plant. It has been determined that the dominant trait for height is tall (H) and the dominant trait for color is purple (P).
Breeding both plants will result in offspring that have recessive and dominant traits. The chart below contains all the possibilities for their offspring.
Figure 1.
| Parent A | Parent B |
|---|---|
| Tall (HH) | Tall (Hh) |
| Purple (Pp) | Pink (pp) |
Figure 2. HH Pp x Hh pp Offspring
| | HP | HP | Hp | Hp | | | --------- | ------ | ------ | ------ | ---- | | Hp | HHPp | HHPp | HHpp | HHpp | | Hp | HHPp | HHPp | HHpp | HHpp | | hp | HhPp | HhPp | Hhpp | Hhpp | | hp | HhPp | HhPp | Hhpp | Hhpp |
Is it possible that either plant from Figure 1 had at least one short parent?
Plant A No; Plant B Yes. Plant A has no recessive genes; both parents had to give Plant A a dominant gene. Thus, both parents had to be tall (Hh or HH). Plant B has a recessive trait. That means both parents had to have at least one recessive trait to give to Plant B, (Hh or hh).
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Dominant alleles (D) produce dominant characteristics; recessive alleles (d) produce recessive characteristics. Dominant alleles are expressed whenever present (DD, Dd) but recessive alleles are expressed only when the dominant allele is absent (dd)
A study was done in which the visual traits of two plants and their offspring was tested. In this study, Plant A, a Tall Purple plant, was mated with Plant B, a Tall Pink plant. It has been determined that the dominant trait for height is tall (H) and the dominant trait for color is purple (P).
Breeding both plants will result in offspring that have recessive and dominant traits. The chart below contains all the possibilities for their offspring.
Figure 1.
| Parent A | Parent B |
|---|---|
| Tall (HH) | Tall (Hh) |
| Purple (Pp) | Pink (pp) |
Figure 2. HH Pp x Hh pp Offspring
| | HP | HP | Hp | Hp | | | --------- | ------ | ------ | ------ | ---- | | Hp | HHPp | HHPp | HHpp | HHpp | | Hp | HHPp | HHPp | HHpp | HHpp | | hp | HhPp | HhPp | Hhpp | Hhpp | | hp | HhPp | HhPp | Hhpp | Hhpp |
Suppose two distinct tall purple plants had offspring. What is the likelihood that their offspring will also be tall and purple?
There is not enough information given. There is no way to determine that if the plants are homozygous (HH) or heterozygous (Hh). Thus we cannot make a Punnett square to determine the possibilities.
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Three doctors are discussing the most optimal way to approach cancer treatment. While they all acknowledge that cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, they have different opinions on whether chemotherapy is the best treatment method. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antienoplastic drugs. These drugs are used to kill fast-growing cancerous cells. All three doctors agree that chemotherapy has many associated side effects.
Doctor 1
While the drugs used for chemotherapy can be very strong, they need to be. Cancer, by its very definition, is made up of cells growing at a faster than normal rate. This means the treatment needs to be aggressive. The slower the effects of treatment, the more time the cancer has to spread; therefore, while the chemotherapy can also kill some healthy noncancerous cells in the process, it is still the best option.
Doctor 2
Chemotherapy does much more harm than good. Chemotherapy might temporarily destroy the cancer, but it does not cure the cancer. In addition, killing the cancerous cells means poisoning the body with chemicals and toxins. Instead, we should be addressing the reasons cancer exists in the first place, treating it at that step. Cancer is due to toxins in the body, industrial pollutions, and drugs. Avoiding sugar, exercising, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle—free of toxins, processed food, and other containments—is the best approach.
Doctor 3
Chemotherapy is effective in the sense that it kills the cancer cells. The downfall is that chemotherapy also kills the healthy cells in the process; therefore, we should be looking at way to decrease the amount of chemotherapy needed, so that we are only introducing the minimum amount of toxins into the body. Insulin Potentiating Therapy is a type of chemotherapy in which lower doses of chemotherapy are used because they are combined with insulin. Cancer cells have more insulin receptors than non-cancerous cells; therefore, cancer cells will have a biased absorption of such insulin-based chemotherapy when compared with noncancerous cells. In other words, piggybacking chemotherapy onto insulin allows cancer cells to absorb more of the chemotherapy, meaning less chemotherapy is needed and fewer noncancerous cells absorb the chemotherapy.
Which of the following best states the opinion of Doctor 1?
Doctor 1 states in his last sentence that chemotherapy " is still the best option" because "Cancer . . . is cells growing at a faster than normal rate . . . treatment needs to be aggressive." Don't be fooled to answer, "Chemotherapy is one of the most effective methods to treat cancer." Doctor 1 never makes this statement nor does he explicitly compare its effectiveness to other methods.
Doctor 1 states in his last sentence that chemotherapy " is still the best option" because "Cancer...is cells growing at a faster than normal rate . . . treatment needs to be aggressive." Dont be fooled to answer "Chemotherapy is one of the most effective methods to treat cancer." Doctor 1 never makes this statement nor does he explicitly compare its effectivness to other methods.
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Three doctors are discussing the most optimal way to approach cancer treatment. While they all acknowledge that cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, they have different opinions on whether chemotherapy is the best treatment method. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antienoplastic drugs. These drugs are used to kill fast-growing cancerous cells. All three doctors agree that chemotherapy has many associated side effects.
Doctor 1
While the drugs used for chemotherapy can be very strong, they need to be. Cancer, by its very definition, is made up of cells growing at a faster than normal rate. This means the treatment needs to be aggressive. The slower the effects of treatment, the more time the cancer has to spread; therefore, while the chemotherapy can also kill some healthy noncancerous cells in the process, it is still the best option.
Doctor 2
Chemotherapy does much more harm than good. Chemotherapy might temporarily destroy the cancer, but it does not cure the cancer. In addition, killing the cancerous cells means poisoning the body with chemicals and toxins. Instead, we should be addressing the reasons cancer exists in the first place, treating it at that step. Cancer is due to toxins in the body, industrial pollutions, and drugs. Avoiding sugar, exercising, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle—free of toxins, processed food, and other containments—is the best approach.
Doctor 3
Chemotherapy is effective in the sense that it kills the cancer cells. The downfall is that chemotherapy also kills the healthy cells in the process; therefore, we should be looking at way to decrease the amount of chemotherapy needed, so that we are only introducing the minimum amount of toxins into the body. Insulin Potentiating Therapy is a type of chemotherapy in which lower doses of chemotherapy are used because they are combined with insulin. Cancer cells have more insulin receptors than non-cancerous cells; therefore, cancer cells will have a biased absorption of such insulin-based chemotherapy when compared with noncancerous cells. In other words, piggybacking chemotherapy onto insulin allows cancer cells to absorb more of the chemotherapy, meaning less chemotherapy is needed and fewer noncancerous cells absorb the chemotherapy.
What fact do all three doctors seem to agree upon?
The answer is clearly stated in the first paragraph, last sentence—"All three doctors agree that chemotherapy has many associated side effects."
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Three doctors are discussing the most optimal way to approach cancer treatment. While they all acknowledge that cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, they have different opinions on whether chemotherapy is the best treatment method. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antienoplastic drugs. These drugs are used to kill fast-growing cancerous cells. All three doctors agree that chemotherapy has many associated side effects.
Doctor 1
While the drugs used for chemotherapy can be very strong, they need to be. Cancer, by its very definition, is made up of cells growing at a faster than normal rate. This means the treatment needs to be aggressive. The slower the effects of treatment, the more time the cancer has to spread; therefore, while the chemotherapy can also kill some healthy noncancerous cells in the process, it is still the best option.
Doctor 2
Chemotherapy does much more harm than good. Chemotherapy might temporarily destroy the cancer, but it does not cure the cancer. In addition, killing the cancerous cells means poisoning the body with chemicals and toxins. Instead, we should be addressing the reasons cancer exists in the first place, treating it at that step. Cancer is due to toxins in the body, industrial pollutions, and drugs. Avoiding sugar, exercising, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle—free of toxins, processed food, and other containments—is the best approach.
Doctor 3
Chemotherapy is effective in the sense that it kills the cancer cells. The downfall is that chemotherapy also kills the healthy cells in the process; therefore, we should be looking at way to decrease the amount of chemotherapy needed, so that we are only introducing the minimum amount of toxins into the body. Insulin Potentiating Therapy is a type of chemotherapy in which lower doses of chemotherapy are used because they are combined with insulin. Cancer cells have more insulin receptors than non-cancerous cells; therefore, cancer cells will have a biased absorption of such insulin-based chemotherapy when compared with noncancerous cells. In other words, piggybacking chemotherapy onto insulin allows cancer cells to absorb more of the chemotherapy, meaning less chemotherapy is needed and fewer noncancerous cells absorb the chemotherapy.
What is the argument behind Doctor 3's belief that the treatment he discusses is more effective—even though it uses a much lower dosage of chemotherapy?
The key is to find out why insulin paired with chemotherapy would be different from chemotherapy alone. Doctor 3 states that cancer cells have more insulin receptor cells than non-cancerous cells. Doctor 3 believes this allows for less chemotherapy to be needed, because the cancer cells are targeted by insulin.
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Three doctors are discussing the most optimal way to approach cancer treatment. While they all acknowledge that cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, they have different opinions on whether chemotherapy is the best treatment method. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antienoplastic drugs. These drugs are used to kill fast-growing cancerous cells. All three doctors agree that chemotherapy has many associated side effects.
Doctor 1
While the drugs used for chemotherapy can be very strong, they need to be. Cancer, by its very definition, is made up of cells growing at a faster than normal rate. This means the treatment needs to be aggressive. The slower the effects of treatment, the more time the cancer has to spread; therefore, while the chemotherapy can also kill some healthy noncancerous cells in the process, it is still the best option.
Doctor 2
Chemotherapy does much more harm than good. Chemotherapy might temporarily destroy the cancer, but it does not cure the cancer. In addition, killing the cancerous cells means poisoning the body with chemicals and toxins. Instead, we should be addressing the reasons cancer exists in the first place, treating it at that step. Cancer is due to toxins in the body, industrial pollutions, and drugs. Avoiding sugar, exercising, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle—free of toxins, processed food, and other containments—is the best approach.
Doctor 3
Chemotherapy is effective in the sense that it kills the cancer cells. The downfall is that chemotherapy also kills the healthy cells in the process; therefore, we should be looking at way to decrease the amount of chemotherapy needed, so that we are only introducing the minimum amount of toxins into the body. Insulin Potentiating Therapy is a type of chemotherapy in which lower doses of chemotherapy are used because they are combined with insulin. Cancer cells have more insulin receptors than non-cancerous cells; therefore, cancer cells will have a biased absorption of such insulin-based chemotherapy when compared with noncancerous cells. In other words, piggybacking chemotherapy onto insulin allows cancer cells to absorb more of the chemotherapy, meaning less chemotherapy is needed and fewer noncancerous cells absorb the chemotherapy.
Which doctor could you infer would recommend a preventative approach to cancer as opposed to chemotherapy?
Doctor 2 discusses why he believes people get cancer in the first place. He attributes them to toxins and chemicals, and urges people to focus on their health and nutrition to prevent these toxins from entering the body.
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Three doctors are discussing the most optimal way to approach cancer treatment. While they all acknowledge that cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, they have different opinions on whether chemotherapy is the best treatment method. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antienoplastic drugs. These drugs are used to kill fast-growing cancerous cells. All three doctors agree that chemotherapy has many associated side effects.
Doctor 1
While the drugs used for chemotherapy can be very strong, they need to be. Cancer, by its very definition, is made up of cells growing at a faster than normal rate. This means the treatment needs to be aggressive. The slower the effects of treatment, the more time the cancer has to spread; therefore, while the chemotherapy can also kill some healthy noncancerous cells in the process, it is still the best option.
Doctor 2
Chemotherapy does much more harm than good. Chemotherapy might temporarily destroy the cancer, but it does not cure the cancer. In addition, killing the cancerous cells means poisoning the body with chemicals and toxins. Instead, we should be addressing the reasons cancer exists in the first place, treating it at that step. Cancer is due to toxins in the body, industrial pollutions, and drugs. Avoiding sugar, exercising, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle—free of toxins, processed food, and other containments—is the best approach.
Doctor 3
Chemotherapy is effective in the sense that it kills the cancer cells. The downfall is that chemotherapy also kills the healthy cells in the process; therefore, we should be looking at way to decrease the amount of chemotherapy needed, so that we are only introducing the minimum amount of toxins into the body. Insulin Potentiating Therapy is a type of chemotherapy in which lower doses of chemotherapy are used because they are combined with insulin. Cancer cells have more insulin receptors than non-cancerous cells; therefore, cancer cells will have a biased absorption of such insulin-based chemotherapy when compared with noncancerous cells. In other words, piggybacking chemotherapy onto insulin allows cancer cells to absorb more of the chemotherapy, meaning less chemotherapy is needed and fewer noncancerous cells absorb the chemotherapy.
Which doctor's viewpoint on chemo treatment might one say is a good compromise between the other two doctors' viewpoints on chemo treatment?
Doctor 3 discusses a treatment approach that still uses chemotherapy but accounts for the fact that chemotherapy has harmful side effects.
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Three doctors are discussing the most optimal way to approach cancer treatment. While they all acknowledge that cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, they have different opinions on whether chemotherapy is the best treatment method. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antienoplastic drugs. These drugs are used to kill fast-growing cancerous cells. All three doctors agree that chemotherapy has many associated side effects.
Doctor 1
While the drugs used for chemotherapy can be very strong, they need to be. Cancer, by its very definition, is made up of cells growing at a faster than normal rate. This means the treatment needs to be aggressive. The slower the effects of treatment, the more time the cancer has to spread; therefore, while the chemotherapy can also kill some healthy noncancerous cells in the process, it is still the best option.
Doctor 2
Chemotherapy does much more harm than good. Chemotherapy might temporarily destroy the cancer, but it does not cure the cancer. In addition, killing the cancerous cells means poisoning the body with chemicals and toxins. Instead, we should be addressing the reasons cancer exists in the first place, treating it at that step. Cancer is due to toxins in the body, industrial pollutions, and drugs. Avoiding sugar, exercising, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle—free of toxins, processed food, and other containments—is the best approach.
Doctor 3
Chemotherapy is effective in the sense that it kills the cancer cells. The downfall is that chemotherapy also kills the healthy cells in the process; therefore, we should be looking at way to decrease the amount of chemotherapy needed, so that we are only introducing the minimum amount of toxins into the body. Insulin Potentiating Therapy is a type of chemotherapy in which lower doses of chemotherapy are used because they are combined with insulin. Cancer cells have more insulin receptors than non-cancerous cells; therefore, cancer cells will have a biased absorption of such insulin-based chemotherapy when compared with noncancerous cells. In other words, piggybacking chemotherapy onto insulin allows cancer cells to absorb more of the chemotherapy, meaning less chemotherapy is needed and fewer noncancerous cells absorb the chemotherapy.
What tips does Doctor 2 give in regards to preventative care?
Refer back to the passage, paragraph three, sentence six—"Avoiding sugar, exercising, and maintaining healthy lifestyles free of toxins, processed food, and other containments is the best approach."
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Three doctors are discussing the most optimal way to approach cancer treatment. While they all acknowledge that cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, they have different opinions on whether chemotherapy is the best treatment method. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antienoplastic drugs. These drugs are used to kill fast-growing cancerous cells. All three doctors agree that chemotherapy has many associated side effects.
Doctor 1
While the drugs used for chemotherapy can be very strong, they need to be. Cancer, by its very definition, is made up of cells growing at a faster than normal rate. This means the treatment needs to be aggressive. The slower the effects of treatment, the more time the cancer has to spread; therefore, while the chemotherapy can also kill some healthy noncancerous cells in the process, it is still the best option.
Doctor 2
Chemotherapy does much more harm than good. Chemotherapy might temporarily destroy the cancer, but it does not cure the cancer. In addition, killing the cancerous cells means poisoning the body with chemicals and toxins. Instead, we should be addressing the reasons cancer exists in the first place, treating it at that step. Cancer is due to toxins in the body, industrial pollutions, and drugs. Avoiding sugar, exercising, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle—free of toxins, processed food, and other containments—is the best approach.
Doctor 3
Chemotherapy is effective in the sense that it kills the cancer cells. The downfall is that chemotherapy also kills the healthy cells in the process; therefore, we should be looking at way to decrease the amount of chemotherapy needed, so that we are only introducing the minimum amount of toxins into the body. Insulin Potentiating Therapy is a type of chemotherapy in which lower doses of chemotherapy are used because they are combined with insulin. Cancer cells have more insulin receptors than non-cancerous cells; therefore, cancer cells will have a biased absorption of such insulin-based chemotherapy when compared with noncancerous cells. In other words, piggybacking chemotherapy onto insulin allows cancer cells to absorb more of the chemotherapy, meaning less chemotherapy is needed and fewer noncancerous cells absorb the chemotherapy.
According to this passage, chemotherapy is best described as __________.
Refer back to the passage for the exact defintion, which can be found in the first paragraph, sentence three—"Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antienoplastic drugs."
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In the 17th century, scientists were just beginning to understand the circulatory system of the heart. The two following viewpoints are the two most popular theories of the day.
Scientist I The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins but the two systems are separate. They are similar, just as the senses of smell and taste are when observing food, but ultimately they are two separate systems which perform separate functions. Hot blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, and to the organs which consume the blood much as a human would consume nourishment to survive. Venous blood originates in the liver and follows the veins to the organs where it is similarly consumed.
Scientist II The arteries and veins are two parts of one system. Blood flows from the heart, around the body, and back into the heart through the veins like two sets of one way streets. The idea of two systems, each pumping blood to the organs is unreasonable. If the heart can pump 6 oz of blood per minute, then the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood per day. A simple measurement of a human’s weight shows how unlikely that solution is. The single circulatory system is far superior as it explains the function of the heart, the arteries, and the veins clearly.
How would Scientist I respond to Scientist II's claims that a human's weight disproves the theory that a liver pumps blood?
Scientist I believes that blood is consumed by the organs. If the blood is consumed at the same rate as which it is produced, there would be no noticeable change.
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In the 17th century, scientists were just beginning to understand the circulatory system of the heart. The two following viewpoints are the two most popular theories of the day.
Scientist I The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins but the two systems are separate. They are similar, just as the senses of smell and taste are when observing food, but ultimately they are two separate systems which perform separate functions. Hot blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, and to the organs which consume the blood much as a human would consume nourishment to survive. Venous blood originates in the liver and follows the veins to the organs where it is similarly consumed.
Scientist II The arteries and veins are two parts of one system. Blood flows from the heart, around the body, and back into the heart through the veins like two sets of one way streets. The idea of two systems, each pumping blood to the organs is unreasonable. If the heart can pump 6 oz of blood per minute, then the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood per day. A simple measurement of a human’s weight shows how unlikely that solution is. The single circulatory system is far superior as it explains the function of the heart, the arteries, and the veins clearly.
Scientists I & II agree on which of the following points?
Both scientists state clearly that blood travels through the arteries and veins. They disagree, however, on the purpose of the arteries and veins.
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In the 17th century, scientists were just beginning to understand the circulatory system of the heart. The two following viewpoints are the two most popular theories of the day.
Scientist I The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins but the two systems are separate. They are similar, just as the senses of smell and taste are when observing food, but ultimately they are two separate systems which perform separate functions. Hot blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, and to the organs which consume the blood much as a human would consume nourishment to survive. Venous blood originates in the liver and follows the veins to the organs where it is similarly consumed.
Scientist II The arteries and veins are two parts of one system. Blood flows from the heart, around the body, and back into the heart through the veins like two sets of one way streets. The idea of two systems, each pumping blood to the organs is unreasonable. If the heart can pump 6 oz of blood per minute, then the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood per day. A simple measurement of a human’s weight shows how unlikely that solution is. The single circulatory system is far superior as it explains the function of the heart, the arteries, and the veins clearly.
Why does Scientist I compare the arteries and veins to smell and taste?
The scientist is trying to make a comparison that the reader will already have experience with, as he is suggesting that the two systems are similar and yet different.
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In the 17th century, scientists were just beginning to understand the circulatory system of the heart. The two following viewpoints are the two most popular theories of the day.
Scientist I The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins but the two systems are separate. They are similar, just as the senses of smell and taste are when observing food, but ultimately they are two separate systems which perform separate functions. Hot blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, and to the organs which consume the blood much as a human would consume nourishment to survive. Venous blood originates in the liver and follows the veins to the organs where it is similarly consumed.
Scientist II The arteries and veins are two parts of one system. Blood flows from the heart, around the body, and back into the heart through the veins like two sets of one way streets. The idea of two systems, each pumping blood to the organs is unreasonable. If the heart can pump 6 oz of blood per minute, then the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood per day. A simple measurement of a human’s weight shows how unlikely that solution is. The single circulatory system is far superior as it explains the function of the heart, the arteries, and the veins clearly.
William Harvey performed an experiment by putting his arm in a tourniquet, effectively shutting off the flow of blood to and from his arm, and watching what happened. He realized that the side of his arms with the arteries became very pale whereas the side with the veins became dark red and swollen. Which theory does this best support?
Scientist II argues that blood flows in one direction. With the tourniquet, no new blood was arriving to the arm whcih is why one side was pale. Because the tourniquet was also stopping the blood from leaving the arm, the side with the veins became red and swollen.
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In the 17th century, scientists were just beginning to understand the circulatory system of the heart. The two following viewpoints are the two most popular theories of the day.
Scientist I The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins but the two systems are separate. They are similar, just as the senses of smell and taste are when observing food, but ultimately they are two separate systems which perform separate functions. Hot blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, and to the organs which consume the blood much as a human would consume nourishment to survive. Venous blood originates in the liver and follows the veins to the organs where it is similarly consumed.
Scientist II The arteries and veins are two parts of one system. Blood flows from the heart, around the body, and back into the heart through the veins like two sets of one way streets. The idea of two systems, each pumping blood to the organs is unreasonable. If the heart can pump 6 oz of blood per minute, then the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood per day. A simple measurement of a human’s weight shows how unlikely that solution is. The single circulatory system is far superior as it explains the function of the heart, the arteries, and the veins clearly.
Blood that comes out of an artery and blood that comes out of a vein are different colors. How might Scientist I explain this?
Scientist I believes that the two systems are separate and perform different functions. He would argue that due to the different natures of the bloods, it makes sense that they would look different as well.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
In the 17th century, scientists were just beginning to understand the circulatory system of the heart. The two following viewpoints are the two most popular theories of the day.
Scientist I The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins but the two systems are separate. They are similar, just as the senses of smell and taste are when observing food, but ultimately they are two separate systems which perform separate functions. Hot blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, and to the organs which consume the blood much as a human would consume nourishment to survive. Venous blood originates in the liver and follows the veins to the organs where it is similarly consumed.
Scientist II The arteries and veins are two parts of one system. Blood flows from the heart, around the body, and back into the heart through the veins like two sets of one way streets. The idea of two systems, each pumping blood to the organs is unreasonable. If the heart can pump 6 oz of blood per minute, then the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood per day. A simple measurement of a human’s weight shows how unlikely that solution is. The single circulatory system is far superior as it explains the function of the heart, the arteries, and the veins clearly.
How would Scientist II describe the function of the liver in the circulatory system?
Scientist II believes that the heart, and the heart alone, is the key organ of the circulatory system. The liver is not a part of it.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
In the 17th century, scientists were just beginning to understand the circulatory system of the heart. The two following viewpoints are the two most popular theories of the day.
Scientist I The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins but the two systems are separate. They are similar, just as the senses of smell and taste are when observing food, but ultimately they are two separate systems which perform separate functions. Hot blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, and to the organs which consume the blood much as a human would consume nourishment to survive. Venous blood originates in the liver and follows the veins to the organs where it is similarly consumed.
Scientist II The arteries and veins are two parts of one system. Blood flows from the heart, around the body, and back into the heart through the veins like two sets of one way streets. The idea of two systems, each pumping blood to the organs is unreasonable. If the heart can pump 6 oz of blood per minute, then the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood per day. A simple measurement of a human’s weight shows how unlikely that solution is. The single circulatory system is far superior as it explains the function of the heart, the arteries, and the veins clearly.
Why does Scientist II reference the amount of blood produced by the heart?
Scientist I's entire case is built on blood coming from two sources. Scientist II argues that in order to satisfy Scientist I's theory, a certain amount of blood would have to be created daily. Since the heart doesn't pump enough, then the rest must come from the liver.
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