A student was interested in determining the relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance in a direct circuit, such as those exemplified by batteries connected to light bulbs. The student built the circuit presented in Figure 1 using a 2 ohm resistor.

Figure 1:

The current that flows through the circuit can be calculated using the equation , where is the voltage of the battery, is the current flowing through the circuit, and is the resistance of the resistor.

The student used a 2 ohm resistor and batteries of various voltages to obtain the results in Table 1. The currents shown in the table are NOT calculated using the formula , but instead directly measured from the circuit using an ammeter. It is important to note that the measured current will only exactly equal the calculated current if the system contains no internal resistance.

The passage and Table 1 present results with ideal batteries that do not have any internal resistance. If the batteries used were a real batteries that had internal resistance, how would the measured currents of the system change?

A company developed new prototype car and wanted to test the new car. The car's acceleration time from 0mph to 60mph and stopping time from 60mph to 0mph were measured. An obstacle course involving a lot of turns was also constructed to determine how well the car can handle turning. The main concern of the company is the safety of the car and therefore all of the tests were performed on dry concrete, concrete after simulated rain, concrete that was covered with snow and in sand.

In order for the car to be safe on the roads, it is necessary for the car to have a stopping time of 4.5 seconds. What surfaces would the car not be safe on?

Laura is performing an experiment with a 5kg weight tied to a 3m rope tied to the ceiling as shown:

Laura drops the weight and allows it to swing freely. She measures how long it takes for the weight to return to it's original position (assume no forces outside of gravity are acting upon the pendulum). This is also called one oscillation.

Experiment 1:

Laura created the following table for her first measurement of the pendulum's oscillations.

Experiment 2:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 6kg weight.

Experiment 3:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 3kg weight and a 5m rope.

If Laura recreated experiment 1 using a 10kg weight, how long would 2 oscillations last?

Scientist 1: Scientist 1 believes that light displays particle behavior. This means that rays of light have their own associated momentum. Furthermore, Scientist 1 does not believe that light will exhibit wave behavior.

Scientist 2: Scientist 2 disagrees with Scientist 1 and believes that light can exhibit wave behavior, but does not display particle behavior. In other words, this scientist believes that light does not have any momentum.

Experiment: To settle their disagreement, the scientists setup the following experiment. The scientist take dark metallic material. This material is attached to pole and the metallic material can spin if it is subjected to a force; similar to a watermill or wind turbine. This setup is then placed outside and exposed to sunlight.

Assuming that sunlight displays particle behavior, what is the best way to design a device to absorb solar energy and turn it into electrical energy?

Experiment 1

A scientist develops the following setup, shown in Figure 1 below, to study the charges of radioactive particles. A radioactive sample is placed into a lead box that has an open column such that the particles can only exit from one direction. A detector is placed in front of the opening. A metric ruler (centimeters (cm)), is aligned on the detector such that zero is directly in front of the opening of the column, with the positive values extending to the left and the negative values to the right. On the left side of the experimental setup, there is a device that generates a magnetic field that attracts positively charged particles and repels negatively charged particles.

Figure 1.

The device detects particles in three different places: alpha, α; beta, β; and gamma, γ; as labeled in Figure 1. The paths these particles take from the source of radioactivity are shown.

Experiment 2

A different scientist finds the following data, shown in Table 1, about the energies of the α, β, and γ particles by observing what kinds of materials through which the particles can pass. This scientist assumes that the ability of particles to pass through thicker and denser barriers is indicative of higher energy. Table 1 summarizes whether or not each type of particle was detected when each of the following barriers is placed between the radioactivity source and the detector. The paper and aluminum foil are both 1 millimeters thick, and the concrete wall is 1 meter thick.

It is discovered that a certain element in the Earth's crust emits beta particles, and furthermore, that beta particles can cause cancer. Should architects building houses in the areas where this phenomenon is found in high abundance be mandated to build basements with concrete walls with a minimum thickness of one meter?

Laura is performing an experiment with a 5kg weight tied to a 3m rope tied to the ceiling as shown:

Laura drops the weight and allows it to swing freely. She measures how long it takes for the weight to return to it's original position (assume no forces outside of gravity are acting upon the pendulum). This is also called one oscillation.

Experiment 1:

Laura created the following table for her first measurement of the pendulum's oscillations.

Experiment 2:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 6kg weight.

Experiment 3:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 3kg weight and a 5m rope.

How long would 4 oscillations be, using the 3m rope and the 6kg weight?

Laura is performing an experiment with a 5kg weight tied to a 3m rope tied to the ceiling as shown:

Laura drops the weight and allows it to swing freely. She measures how long it takes for the weight to return to it's original position (assume no forces outside of gravity are acting upon the pendulum). This is also called one oscillation.

Experiment 1:

Laura created the following table for her first measurement of the pendulum's oscillations.

Experiment 2:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 6kg weight.

Experiment 3:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 3kg weight and a 5m rope.

Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion?

Laura is performing an experiment with a 5kg weight tied to a 3m rope tied to the ceiling as shown:

Laura drops the weight and allows it to swing freely. She measures how long it takes for the weight to return to its original position (assume no forces outside of gravity are acting upon the pendulum). This is also called one oscillation.

Experiment 1:

Laura created the following table for her first measurement of the pendulum's oscillations.

Experiment 2:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 6kg weight.

Experiment 3:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 3kg weight and a 5m rope.

If Laura stopped experiment 3 after 10 seconds, how many oscillations would the pendulum have gone through?

Laura is performing an experiment with a 5kg weight tied to a 3m rope tied to the ceiling as shown:

Laura drops the weight and allows it to swing freely. She measures how long it takes for the weight to return to it's original position (assume no forces outside of gravity are acting upon the pendulum). This is also called one oscillation.

Experiment 1:

Laura created the following table for her first measurement of the pendulum's oscillations.

Experiment 2:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 6kg weight.

Experiment 3:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 3kg weight and a 5m rope.

How much longer does each oscillation in experiment 3 take in comparison to experiment 1?

Laura is performing an experiment with a 5kg weight tied to a 3m rope tied to the ceiling as shown:

Laura drops the weight and allows it to swing freely. She measures how long it takes for the weight to return to it's original position (assume no forces outside of gravity are acting upon the pendulum). This is also called one oscillation.

Experiment 1:

Laura created the following table for her first measurement of the pendulum's oscillations.

Experiment 2:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 6kg weight.

Experiment 3:

Laura performed the experiment again, this time using a 3kg weight and a 5m rope.

If Laura recreated experiment 3 using a 5m rope and a 20kg weight, how long would 2 oscillations last?